Archive for the ‘Official Documents’ Category

Water Fluoridation and Cancer Risk

Saturday, July 18th, 2009

American Cancer Society

Introduction

More than 60 years after it was first introduced in the United States, there is still controversy surrounding the possible health effects of drinking water fluoridation. Many people have strongly held views either for or against fluoridation. Concerns are based on everything from legitimate scientific research, to freedom of choice issues, to government conspiracy theories.

This document is intended mainly to explore the possible link between fluoridation and cancer. It does not address in detail other possible health effects of water fluoridation (positive or negative), and is not intended as a position statement of the American Cancer Society.

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THE PAPERS OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON POPULATION

Saturday, July 18th, 2009

BY F. M. REDINGTON, M.A., F.I.A. Actuary, Prudential Assurance Company, Ltd. AND R.D. CLARKE, F.I.A. of the Prudential Assurance Company, Ltd.

THE main Report of the Royal Commission on Population, which was presented to Parliament in June 1949, was discussed at a meeting of the Institute on 5 December 1949 ( J.I.A. LXXVI, 38). Since that discussion took place the various papers of the Commission have been published, and it seems suitable now to review the demographic aspects of the problems with which these papers are concerned. The following is a list of the volumes so far published:

Report of the Royal Commission on Population
[PP. 259 Cmd. 7695, June 1949 4s . 6d .]

Papers of the Royal Commission on Population
Volume I. Family Limitation and its Influence on Human Fertility during the past Fifty Years.
[Pp. 202, Dec. 1949, 4 s. ]
(An investigation carried out by the Council of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)
Volume II. Reports and Selected Papers of the Statistics Committee.
[PP. 422, 1950, 8 s. ]
Volume III. Report of the Economics Committee.
[Pp. 64, 1950, 1 S. 6 d. ]
Volume IV. Reports of the Biological and Medical Committee.
[Pp. 52, 1950, 1S . 6 d.]
Volume V. Memoranda presented to the Royal Commission.
[PP. 120 1950, 3 s. ]

The full report on the family census has still to appear.

GENERAL REMARKS ON DEMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT

The statistical analysis of fertility is a comparatively new subject. Ideas have not yet had time to ripen, and there has been such a mass of work done that it is, as yet, difficult to separate the wheat from the great quantity of chaff. The various volumes published by the Royal Commission add a further weighty contribution to the existing mass, and it is difficult to deal faithfully with this material without becoming engulfed in the confusion of detail. It is desirable, therefore, to attempt to establish a general background against which these volumes can be discussed.

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Bill of Rights

Monday, July 6th, 2009

Bill of Rights (archives.gov)
Bill of Rights (archives.gov)

The Preamble to The Bill of Rights

Congress of the United States
begun and held at the City of New-York, on
Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.

THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.

RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.

ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.

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Common Sense

Monday, July 6th, 2009
(wikipedia.org)

Thomas Paine (wikipedia.org)

by Thomas Paine

Introduction to the Third Edition

Perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages, are not YET sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favour; a long habit of not thinking a thing WRONG, gives it a superficial appearance of being RIGHT, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom. But the tumult soon subsides. Time makes more converts than reason. As a long and violent abuse of power, is generally the Means of calling the right of it in question (and in Matters too which might never have been thought of, had not the Sufferers been aggravated into the inquiry) and as the King of England hath undertaken in his OWN RIGHT, to support the Parliament in what he calls THEIRS, and as the good people of this country are grievously oppressed by the combination, they have an undoubted privilege to inquire into the pretensions of both, and equally to reject the usurpation of either. In the following sheets, the author hath studiously avoided every thing which is personal among ourselves. Compliments as well as censure to individuals make no part thereof. The wise, and the worthy, need not the triumph of a pamphlet; and those whose sentiments are injudicious, or unfriendly, will cease of themselves unless too much pains are bestowed upon their conversion. The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind. Many circumstances hath, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and through which the principles of all Lovers of Mankind are affected, and in the Event of which, their Affections are interested. The laying a Country desolate with Fire and Sword, declaring War against the natural rights of all Mankind, and extirpating the Defenders thereof from the Face of the Earth, is the Concern of every Man to whom Nature hath given the Power of feeling; of which Class, regardless of Party Censure, is the AUTHOR.

P. S. The Publication of this new Edition hath been delayed, with a View of taking notice (had it been necessary) of any Attempt to refute the Doctrine of Independence: As no Answer hath yet appeared, it is now presumed that none will, the Time needful for getting such a Performance ready for the Public being considerably past. Who the Author of this Production is, is wholly unnecessary to the Public, as the Object for Attention is the DOCTRINE ITSELF, not the MAN. Yet it may not be unnecessary to say, That he is unconnected with any Party, and under no sort of Influence public or private, but the influence of reason and principle.

Philadelphia, February 14, 1776

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Thimerosal in Vaccines

Monday, July 6th, 2009

FDA

Introduction

Thimerosal is a mercury-containing organic compound (an organomercurial). Since the 1930s, it has been widely used as a preservative in a number of biological and drug products, including many vaccines, to help prevent potentially life threatening contamination with harmful microbes. Over the past several years, because of an increasing awareness of the theoretical potential for neurotoxicity of even low levels of organomercurials and because of the increased number of thimerosal containing vaccines that had been added to the infant immunization schedule, concerns about the use of thimerosal in vaccines and other products have been raised. Indeed, because of these concerns, the Food and Drug Administration has worked with, and continues to work with, vaccine manufacturers to reduce or eliminate thimerosal from vaccines.

Thimerosal has been removed from or reduced to trace amounts in all vaccines routinely recommended for children 6 years of age and younger, with the exception of inactivated influenza vaccine (see Table 1). A preservative-free version of the inactivated influenza vaccine (contains trace amounts of thimerosal) is available in limited supply at this time for use in infants, children and pregnant women. Some vaccines such as Td, which is indicated for older children (≥ 7 years of age) and adults, are also now available in formulations that are free of thimerosal or contain only trace amounts. Vaccines with trace amounts of thimerosal contain 1 microgram or less of mercury per dose.

In the following pages, a discussion of preservatives, the use of thimerosal as a preservative, guidelines on exposure to organomercurials (primarily methylmercury), thimerosal toxicity, recent and future FDA actions, and the conclusions of the Institute of Medicine’s most recent review of thimerosal in vaccines are presented. This narrative on thimerosal contains references to the literature and links to other sites for readers who wish additional information; for quick reference, a number of frequently asked questions (FAQs) and answers are provided.

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